@prefix cc: . @prefix owl: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix taxodis: . @prefix dct: . @prefix vann: . @prefix skos: . a skos:ConceptScheme; dct:title "Taxonomy of online disinformation (TAXODIS)"@en; rdfs:label "Taxonomy of online disinformation (TAXODIS)"@en; dct:description "The Taxonomy of Online Disinformation (TAXODIS) structures a set of well-defined and analysed linguistic features of online disinformation discourse and is meant to help annotate training data to nourish machine learning and computational models."@en; rdfs:comment "The Taxonomy of Online Disinformation (TAXODIS) structures a set of well-defined and analysed linguistic features of online disinformation discourse and is meant to help annotate training data to nourish machine learning and computational models."@en; dct:created "29-10-2024"^^xsd:date; dct:modified "29-10-2024"^^xsd:date; owl:versionInfo "1.0"; owl:versionIRI ; cc:license ; dct:license ; dct:creator , , , ; vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "taxodis"; vann:preferredNamespaceUri ; skos:hasTopConcept taxodis:disinfocharacteristic . taxodis:disinfocharacteristic a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "disinformation characteristic"@en; skos:definition "Describes characteristics that are indicative of disinformation in a piece of content."@en; skos:notation "disinfocharacteristic"; skos:narrower taxodis:detectfeature, taxodis:categorization, taxodis:veracity; skos:inScheme ; skos:topConceptOf . taxodis:detectfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "detection feature"@en; skos:definition "Helps to detect elements indicative of disinformation in a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:disinfocharacteristic; skos:notation "detectfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:complexfeature, taxodis:psychologyfeature, taxodis:stylfeature; skos:inScheme . taxodis:complexfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "complexity feature"@en; skos:definition "Helps to evaluate the complexity and readability of the text."@en; skos:broader taxodis:detectfeature; skos:notation "complexfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:headfeature, taxodis:corpsfeature, taxodis:comprfeature, taxodis:infofeature; skos:inScheme . taxodis:headfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "headline feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the headline of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:complexfeature; skos:notation "headfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:headlength, taxodis:headgap, taxodis:headsent; skos:inScheme . taxodis:corpsfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "corpus feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the text body of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:complexfeature; skos:notation "corpsfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:corpshort, taxodis:corpsimpl, taxodis:corplex, taxodis:corperror; skos:inScheme . taxodis:comprfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "comprehension feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the comprehensibility of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:complexfeature; skos:notation "comprfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:compeduc, taxodis:compincoh; skos:inScheme . taxodis:infofeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "informativity feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the information provided by a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:complexfeature; skos:notation "infofeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:infoextrem, taxodis:infonewinfo, taxodis:infotopredun; skos:inScheme . taxodis:headlength a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "length of the headline"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources try to convey as much information as possible in the title to draw the reader's attention. Thus they use a higher amount of plain text/words."@en; skos:broader taxodis:headfeature; skos:notation "headlength"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:headgap a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "textual gap between title and body"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources like clickbaits tend to have a lower textual similarity between the title and the body of the article."@en; skos:broader taxodis:headfeature; skos:notation "headgap"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:headsent a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "sentence-like headline"@en; skos:definition "Titles of fake content often present sentence-like claims about people and entities associating them with actions to convey as much information as possible."@en; skos:broader taxodis:headfeature; skos:notation "headsent"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:corpshort a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "relative shortness of body"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources tend to have a lower level of plain text/number of words in relation to real articles."@en; skos:broader taxodis:corpsfeature; skos:notation "corpshort"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:corpsimpl a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "simplicity in sentence structure"@en; skos:definition "Sentences of fake news exhibit a lower complexity in structure and a relatively low amount of words."@en; skos:broader taxodis:corpsfeature; skos:notation "corpsimpl"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:corplex a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "lexical and contentual poorness"@en; skos:definition "Fake articles incline to have less diversity at the lexical and content level."@en; skos:broader taxodis:corpsfeature; skos:notation "corplex"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:corperror a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "relative amount of typographical errors"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources empirically exhibit a higher amount of typographical errors."@en; skos:broader taxodis:corpsfeature; skos:notation "corperror"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:compeduc a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "relatively low demand on reader's education level"@en; skos:definition "Reliable articles tend to be written in a more complex way regarding readability measures like number of syllables per word or number of words per sentence. A higher complexity increases the effort to apprehend the content and thus works as an indicator for the demanded education level of the reader."@en; skos:broader taxodis:comprfeature; skos:notation "compeduc"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:compincoh a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "level of semantic incoherence"@en; skos:definition "Real articles contain sentences with correlated pairs of content-words and sentences that are correlated with each other. Unreliable sources exhibit a lower level of sentence/word correlations which is called semantic incoherence."@en; skos:broader taxodis:comprfeature; skos:notation "compincoh"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:infoextrem a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "extremity of information quantity"@en; skos:definition "Fake articles often correspond with either a considerably low amount of information or a remarkable overload of information."@en; skos:broader taxodis:infofeature; skos:notation "infoextrem"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:infonewinfo a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "lack of new information"@en; skos:definition "The body of fake news articles adds relatively little new information, but serves to repeat and enhance the claims made in the title."@en; skos:broader taxodis:infofeature; skos:notation "infonewinfo"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:infotopredun a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "lack of topic redundancy"@en; skos:definition "Valid articles about a particular topic contain several direct or indirect references to this subject. One can interpret those as a kind of contentual redundancy which fake sources are usually missing."@en; skos:broader taxodis:infofeature; skos:notation "infotopredun"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:psychologyfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "psychology feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes attitudes, behaviors and emotions indicative of disinformation."@en; skos:broader taxodis:detectfeature; skos:notation "psychofeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:mobilfeature, taxodis:subjectivfeature; skos:inScheme . taxodis:mobilfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "mobilization feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the degree of emotional mobilization of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:psychologyfeature; skos:notation "mobilfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:mobpolar, taxodis:mobsensat, taxodis:mobaffect, taxodis:mobtopical; skos:inScheme . taxodis:subjectivfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "subjectiveness feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the subjectivity of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:psychologyfeature; skos:notation "subjectivfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:subjtenden, taxodis:subjmotiv, taxodis:subjdiscours; skos:inScheme . taxodis:mobpolar a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "level of emotional polarization"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources incline to use a more emotionally persuasive language in general."@en; skos:broader taxodis:mobilfeature; skos:notation "mobpolar"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:mobsensat a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "level of sensationalism"@en; skos:definition "Fake articles tend to be written in a hyperbolic way to attract the reader's attention, i.e. with a high usage of all-caps-words, exclamation marks or a general sentiment wording."@en; skos:broader taxodis:mobilfeature; skos:notation "mobsensat"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:mobaffect a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "arousal of (negative) affects"@en; skos:definition "Fake content uses a higher degree of words related to emotional actions, states and processes."@en; skos:broader taxodis:mobilfeature; skos:notation "mobaffect"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:mobtopical a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "level of topicality"@en; skos:definition "Legitimate sources tend to report about past events whereas fake articles focus on highly recent topics."@en; skos:broader taxodis:mobilfeature; skos:notation "mobtopical"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:subjtenden a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "tendancy to subjective statements"@en; skos:definition "Fake articles tend to be written from a more personal view."@en; skos:broader taxodis:subjectivfeature; skos:notation "subjtenden"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:subjmotiv a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "level of personal motives"@en; skos:definition "Creators of fake content are often driven by personal motives like raising profit, promoting ideology or psychological aims."@en; skos:broader taxodis:subjectivfeature; skos:notation "subjmotiv"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:subjdiscours a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "kind of discourse"@en; skos:definition "Words and expressions of fake articles relate to a more argumentative discourse aiming to convince the reader of a specific point of view."@en; skos:broader taxodis:subjectivfeature; skos:notation "subjdiscours"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:stylfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "stylistic feature"@en; skos:definition "Helps to illuminate the cognitive process and individual concerns that underlie a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:detectfeature; skos:notation "stylfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:vocabfeature, taxodis:phrasfeature, taxodis:authentfeature; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vocabfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "vocabulary feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the vocabulary used in a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:stylfeature; skos:notation "vocabfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:vocexagg, taxodis:vocpronoun, taxodis:vocadverb; skos:inScheme . taxodis:phrasfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "phrasing feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the phrasing of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:stylfeature; skos:notation "phrasfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:phrasemph, taxodis:phrasinformal; skos:inScheme . taxodis:authentfeature a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "authenticity feature"@en; skos:definition "Describes observations related to the authenticity of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:stylfeature; skos:notation "authentfeature"; skos:narrower taxodis:authvague, taxodis:authrefer; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vocexagg a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "usage of exaggerated vocables"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources more often use hyperbolic words as superlatives and subjectives."@en; skos:broader taxodis:vocabfeature; skos:notation "vocexagg"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vocpronoun a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "amount of first-/second-person pronouns"@en; skos:definition "First-person and second-person pronouns are empirically more often used in fake news than in legitimate articles."@en; skos:broader taxodis:vocabfeature; skos:notation "vocpronoun"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vocadverb a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "amount of excessive emotional adverbs"@en; skos:definition "Fake articles indicate a higher amount of adverbs like 'often', 'undoubtedly', 'heavily' to lure the reader to the content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:vocabfeature; skos:notation "vocadverb"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:phrasemph a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "usage of emphatic wording"@en; skos:definition "Unreliable sources use a high level of exclamation marks, swear words, visual references and are slightly more prone to emotional tones and higher polarity."@en; skos:broader taxodis:phrasfeature; skos:notation "phrasemph"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:phrasinformal a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "level of informality of language"@en; skos:definition "The language of unreliable sources tends to be less formal than reliable articles."@en; skos:broader taxodis:phrasfeature; skos:notation "phrasinformal"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:authvague a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "vagueness of phrasing"@en; skos:definition "Fake articles use a higher amount of vague phrasing or hedging words (like 'possibly', 'usually', 'tend to be') to achieve a more indirect form of expression."@en; skos:broader taxodis:authentfeature; skos:notation "authvague"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:authrefer a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "authenticity/referencing of information"@en; skos:definition "Legitimate sources are considerably better referenced than unreliable articles."@en; skos:broader taxodis:authentfeature; skos:notation "authrefer"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:categorization a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "categorization"@en; skos:definition "Helps to categorize the type of a piece of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:disinfocharacteristic; skos:notation "categorization"; skos:narrower taxodis:theme, taxodis:contenttype; skos:inScheme . taxodis:theme a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "theme"@en; skos:definition "Allows differentiating between different topics."@en; skos:broader taxodis:categorization; skos:notation "theme"; skos:narrower taxodis:thempoleco, taxodis:themsoc, taxodis:themscience, taxodis:themhisto, taxodis:themgoss, taxodis:themextrem, taxodis:themworld, taxodis:themcommer; skos:inScheme . taxodis:contenttype a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "content type"@en; skos:definition "Allows differentiating between different types of content."@en; skos:broader taxodis:categorization; skos:notation "contenttype"; skos:narrower taxodis:typclick, taxodis:typmanipul, taxodis:typfabric, taxodis:typfalse, taxodis:typimpost, taxodis:typbot, taxodis:typconspir, taxodis:typonesid, taxodis:typpropa, taxodis:typtroll; skos:inScheme . taxodis:thempoleco a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "political and economic"@en; skos:definition "About specific politicians, or legal, political or economic actions."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "thempoleco"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themsoc a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "social"@en; skos:definition "About social events, activists, public benefit and minority organizations, as well as dangers or threats to human and animal health."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themsoc"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themscience a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "pseudoscientific"@en; skos:definition "Content that calls on supposedly scientific research or reputable institutions without identifying concrete sources or by manipulating them to create a false theory."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themscience"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themhisto a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "historical"@en; skos:definition "About historical events or the distant past of public figures."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themhisto"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themgoss a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "gossip/rumor"@en; skos:definition "About celebrities, actors and public figures without a political or activist profile."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themgoss"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themextrem a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "extreme"@en; skos:definition "About drastic, catastrophic or brutal events."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themextrem"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themworld a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "worldview"@en; skos:definition "About religion, faith, and spiritual figures as well as various non-religious ideologies, views, and beliefs"@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themworld"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:themcommer a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "commercial"@en; skos:definition "Like false product reviews, advertising campaigns or commercial clickbait aimed at accumulating views, likes and comments (such as manipulated photos of animals)."@en; skos:broader taxodis:theme; skos:notation "themcommer"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typclick a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "clickbait"@en; skos:definition "Sources that provide generally credible or dubious factual content but deliberately use exaggerated, misleading or unverified headlines/thumbnails to lure readers to open the intended Web page. The goal is to increase their traffic for profit, popularity, or sensationalization. Once the reader got there, the content rarely satisfies their interests."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typclick"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typmanipul a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "manipulated content"@en; skos:definition "Manipulating information or image to deceive the recipient. The recipient receives information prepared in such a way that he is not aware of its misuse."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typmanipul"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typfabric a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "fabricated content"@en; skos:definition "Stories that lack any factual ground, 100 % false. The intention is to deceive and cause harm. One of the most severe types of fabrication adopts the style of news articles so the recipients believe it is legitimate. Could be text or visual media."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typfabric"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typfalse a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "false context"@en; skos:definition "It consists in presenting real information in a false context. The recipient is aware that the information is true, but he does not realize that the context has been changed."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typfalse"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typimpost a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "imposter content"@en; skos:definition "Genuine sources that are impersonated with false, made-up sources to support basically a false narrative. It is actually very misleading since a source or author is considered a great criteria of verifying credibility. (use of journalists name/ logo /branding of mimic URLs)"@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typimpost"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typbot a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "social bot content"@en; skos:definition "A social bot is a computer algorithm that automatically produces and posts content and is able to interact with legitimate users and other bots, trying to emulate and possibly alter their behavior."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typbot"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typconspir a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "conspiracy theory"@en; skos:definition "Stories without factual basis which usually explain important events as secret plots by government or powerful individuals. By definition their truthfulness is difficult to verify. Evidences refuting the conspiracy are regarded as further proof of the conspiracy."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typconspir"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typonesid a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "one-sided"@en; skos:definition "Stories that are extremely biased toward a person/party/situation/event driving division and polarization. The context of this type of news information is extremely imbalanced (i.e. left or right wing), inflammatory, emotional and often riddled with untruths. They contain either a mixture of true and false or mostly false, thus misleading information designed to confirm a particular ideological view."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typonesid"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typpropa a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "propaganda"@en; skos:definition "Information that is created by a political entity to influence public opinion and gain support for a public figure, organisation or government."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typpropa"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:typtroll a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "trolling"@en; skos:definition "The act of deliberately posting offensive or inflammatory content to an online community with the intent of provoking readers or disrupting conversation. Today, the term “troll” is most often used to refer to any person harassing or insulting others online."@en; skos:broader taxodis:contenttype; skos:notation "typtroll"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:veracity a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "veracity"@en; skos:definition "Categorizes the piece of content based on its veracity."@en; skos:broader taxodis:disinfocharacteristic; skos:notation "veracity"; skos:narrower taxodis:vtrue, taxodis:vtruefalse, taxodis:vfalse, taxodis:vnofact; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vtrue a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "mostly true"@en; skos:definition "The piece of content is based on factual information and accurately depicts it."@en; skos:broader taxodis:veracity; skos:notation "vtrue"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vtruefalse a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "mixture of true and false"@en; skos:definition "The piece of content contains both accurate and inaccurate elements."@en; skos:broader taxodis:veracity; skos:notation "vtruefalse"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vfalse a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "mostly false"@en; skos:definition "The majority or all of the information in the piece of content is inaccurate."@en; skos:broader taxodis:veracity; skos:notation "vfalse"; skos:inScheme . taxodis:vnofact a skos:Concept; skos:prefLabel "no factual content"@en; skos:definition "The piece of content does not contain a factual claim."@en; skos:broader taxodis:veracity; skos:notation "vnofact"; skos:inScheme .